A hostname is a label that is assigned to a device connected to a computer network A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of computers and devices connected by communications channels that facilitates communications among users and allows users to share resources with other users. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general and that is used to identify the device in various forms of electronic communication such as the World Wide Web The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known as the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them by using hyperlinks. Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, British, e-mail Electronic mail, commonly called email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages across the Internet or other computer networks. Email systems are based on a store-and-forward model in which email server computer systems accept, forward, deliver and store messages on behalf of users, who only need to connect to the email infrastructure, or Usenet Duke University graduate students Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the idea in 1979 and it was established in 1980. Users read and post public messages to one or more categories, known as newsgroups. Usenet resembles bulletin board systems (BBS) in most respects, and is the precursor to the various Internet forums that are widely used today;. Hostnames may be simple names consisting of a single word or phrase, or they may include the name of a Domain Name System The Domain Name System is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers (DNS) domain at the end, that is separated from the host specific label by a full stop A full stop or period (American English) (sometimes point or dot) is the punctuation mark commonly placed at the end of sentences (dot). In the latter form, a hostname is also called a domain name. If the domain name is completely specified including a top-level domain A top-level domain is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the of the Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and, the hostname is said to be a fully qualified domain name A fully qualified domain name , sometimes referred to as an absolute domain name, is a domain name that specifies its exact location in the tree hierarchy of the Domain Name System (DNS). It specifies all domain levels, including the top-level domain, relative to the root domain. A fully qualified domain name is distinguished by this absoluteness (FQDN).
Hostnames that include DNS domains are often stored in the Domain Name System together with IP addresses An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network, that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A of the host they represent for the purpose of mapping the hostname to an address, or the reverse process.
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Overview
Hostnames are used by various naming systems, NIS The Network Information Service or NIS consists of a client-server directory service protocol for distributing system configuration data such as user and host names between computers on a computer network. Sun Microsystems developed the NIS and licenses this technology to virtually all other Unix vendors, DNS The Domain Name System is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers, SMB In computer networking, Server Message Block operates as an application-layer network protocol mainly used to provide shared access to files, printers, serial ports, and miscellaneous communications between nodes on a network. It also provides an authenticated inter-process communication mechanism. Most usage of SMB involves computers running, etc., and so the meaning of the word hostname will vary according to the naming system in question, which in turn varies by type of network. A hostname meaningful to a Microsoft NetBIOS NetBIOS is an acronym for Network Basic Input/Output System. It provides services related to the session layer of the OSI model allowing applications on separate computers to communicate over a local area network. As strictly an API, NetBIOS is not a networking protocol. Older operating systems ran NetBIOS over IEEE 802.2 and IPX/SPX using the workgroup may be an invalid Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and hostname. When presented with a hostname and no context, it is usually safe to assume that the network is the Internet and DNS is the hostname's naming system.
Host names are typically used in an administrative capacity and may appear in computer browser lists, active directory lists, IP address An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network, that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A to hostname resolutions, email headers, etc. They are human-readable nicknames, which ultimately correspond to unique network hardware MAC addresses In computer networking, a Media Access Control address is a unique identifier assigned to most network adapters or network interface cards (NICs) by the manufacturer for identification, and used in the Media Access Control protocol sub-layer. If assigned by the manufacturer, a MAC address usually encodes the manufacturer's registered. In some cases the host name may contain embedded domain names and/or locations, non-dotted IP addresses, etc.
On a simple local area network, a hostname is usually a single word: for instance, an organization's CVS The Concurrent Versions System , also known as the Concurrent Versioning System, is a free software revision control system in the field of software development. Version control system software keeps track of all work and all changes in a set of files, and allows several developers (potentially widely separated in space and/or time) to collaborate server might be named "cvs" or "server-1".
Internet hostnames
On the Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and, a hostname is a domain name A domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control on the Internet, based on the Domain Name System assigned to a host computer. This is usually a combination of the host's local name with its parent domain's name. For example, "en.wikipedia.org" consists of a local hostname ("en") and the domain name "wikipedia.org". This kind of hostname is translated into an IP address An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network, that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A via the local hosts file The hosts file is a computer file used in an operating system to map hostnames to IP addresses. This method is one of several system facilities to address network nodes on a computer network. On some operating systems, the host file content is used preferentially over other methods, such as the Domain Name System , but many systems implement name, or the Domain Name System The Domain Name System is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers (DNS) resolver. It is possible for a single host computer to have several hostnames; but generally the operating system An operating system is the software on a computer that manages the way different programs use its hardware, and regulates the ways that a user controls the computer. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer with multiple programs—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. Some of the host prefers to have one hostname that the host uses for itself.
Any domain name can also be a hostname, as long as the restrictions mentioned below are followed. So, for example, both "en.wikipedia.org" and "wikipedia.org" are hostnames because they both have IP addresses An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network, that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A assigned to them. The domain name "pmtpa.wikimedia.org" is not a hostname since it does not have an IP address, but "rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org" is a hostname. A hostname may be a domain name, if it is properly organized into the domain name system. A domain name may be a hostname if it has been assigned to an Internet host and associated with the host's IP address.
Restrictions on valid host names
Hostnames are composed of series of labels The Domain Name System is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers concatenated with dots, as are all domain names A domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control on the Internet, based on the Domain Name System.[1] For example, "en.wikipedia.org" is a hostname. Each label must be between 1 and 63 characters long[2], and the entire hostname (including the delimiting dots) has a maximum of 255 characters.
The Internet standards (Request for Comments In computer network engineering, a Request for Comments is a memorandum published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) describing methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems) for protocols mandate that component hostname labels may contain only the ASCII The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a character-encoding scheme based on the ordering of the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, though they support many more characters than did ASCII letters 'a' through 'z' (in a case-insensitive manner), the digits '0' through '9', and the hyphen The hyphen is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. It is often confused with dashes ( –, —, ― ), which are longer and have different uses, and with the minus sign ( − ) which is also longer. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. In environments that are restricted to ISO 646 the hyphen-minus (‐). The original specification of hostnames in RFC 952, mandated that labels could not start with a digit or with a hyphen, and must not end with a hyphen. However, a subsequent specification (RFC 1123) permitted hostname labels to start with digits. No other symbols, punctuation characters, or blank spaces are permitted.
While a hostname may not contain other characters, such as the underscore character (_), other DNS names may contain the underscore. Systems such as DomainKeys DomainKeys is an e-mail authentication system designed to verify the DNS domain of an e-mail sender and the message integrity. The DomainKeys specification has adopted aspects of Identified Internet Mail to create an enhanced protocol called DomainKeys Identified Mail . This merged specification became the basis for an IETF Working Group which and service records An SRV record or Service record is a category of data in the Internet Domain Name System specifying information on available services. It is defined in RFC 2782. Newer internet protocols such as SIP and XMPP often require SRV support from clients use the underscore as a means to assure that their special character is not confused with hostnames. For example, _http._sctp.www.example.com specifies a service pointer for an SCTP capable webserver host (www) in the domain example.com.
A notable example of non-compliance with this specification, Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal systems often use underscores in hostnames. Since some systems will reject invalid hostnames while others will not, the use of invalid hostname characters may cause subtle problems in systems that connect to standards-based services. For example, RFC-compliant mail servers will refuse to deliver mail for MS Windows computers with names containing underscores.
So, the hostname "en.wikipedia.org" is made up of the DNS labels "en", "wikipedia" and "org". Labels such as "2600" and "3com" can be used in hostnames, but "-hi-" and "*hi*" are invalid.
A hostname is considered to be a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) if all the labels up to and including the top-level domain name A top-level domain is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the label that follows the last dot of a fully qualified domain name (TLD) are specified. The hostname "en.wikipedia.org" terminates with the top-level domain "org" and is thus fully-qualified. Depending on the system, an unqualified hostname such as "csail" or "wikipedia" may be combined with default domain names in order to determine the fully qualified domain name. So, a student at MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological research. MIT is one of two private land-grant universities[b] and is also a sea-grant and space- may be able to send mail to "joe@csail" and have it automatically qualified by the mail systems so that it is sent to "joe@csail.mit.edu".
General guidelines on choosing good hostnames are outlined in RFC 1178.
See also
References
- ^ Host name vs domain name explanation from the DNS OP IETF Working Group It operates on rough consensus, is open to all who want to participate, has discussions on an open mailing list, and may hold meetings at IETF meetings. Unlike, for instance, IEEE working groups, the mailing list consensus is the final arbiter of decision-making, and there is no voting procedure, but a "rough consensus" procedure
- ^ RFC 1034, Section 3.1 "Name space specifications and terminology"
External links
- RFC 952 - "DoD Internet host table specification."
- RFC 1034 - "DOMAIN NAMES - CONCEPTS AND FACILITIES" (In particular, section 3.5)
- RFC 1035 - "DOMAIN NAMES - IMPLEMENTATION AND SPECIFICATION" (In particular, section 2.3.1)
- RFC 1123 - "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support."
- RFC 1178 - "Choosing a Name for Your Computer"
- RFC 3696 - "Application Techniques for Checking and Transformation of Names"
- web-based tools working with hostnames at the Open Directory Project The Open Directory Project , also known as Dmoz (from directory.mozilla.org, its original domain name), is a multilingual open content directory of World Wide Web links. It is owned by Netscape, but it is constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors
This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing is an online, searchable, encyclopedic dictionary of computing subjects. It was founded in 1985 by Denis Howe and is hosted by Imperial College London. Howe has served as the editor-in-chief since the dictionary's inception, with visitors to the website able to make suggestions for additions or corrections, which is licensed under the GFDL The GNU Free Documentation License is a copyleft license for free documentation, designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU Project. It is similar to the GNU General Public License, giving readers the rights to copy, redistribute, and modify a work and requires all copies and derivatives to be available under the same license.
Categories: Network addressing Categories: Network architecture | Identifiers | Network layer protocols | Domain name system Categories: Internet governance | Internet standards | Internet architecture | Network addressing | Application layer protocols
Tue, 13 Jul 2010 18:50:43 GMT+00:00
Macwereld Het nummer cp***-a komt overeen met mijn hostname . Het nummer wordt in NetBiosnaam vermeld. Staat in Finder onder servers. De ander pc onder bonjour. ...
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next to Use outgoing data connections PASV this is VERY important Then click Next Note if you are connecting to the OpenArea or Common the Hostname should be nwftp2 rowan edu
Romanator
ue, 29 Jun 2010 16:05:45 GM
In previous versions of openSUSE (by default), enabling the NetworkManager allowed me to switch from "hardware address" to "Host Name&qu.
Q. if someone can help me.. i want to find an IP adress, but i don't know the hostname and this person has hotmail, so i can't find the IP from his emails either..Any ideas?
Asked by pRinCeSs MaLiCe - Thu Mar 20 11:32:12 2008 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments
A. You can't. All you can get is the IP address of the Hotmail webserver he is using. You have no means of seeing the logs for the hotmail server to see what IP addresses are logging in.
Answered by kainaw - Thu Mar 20 11:38:07 2008
